Topics:
a)What should you do before start cutting with a circular saw?
b)What should you do to work safely with a circular saw?
c)What should you avoid when cutting with a circular saw?
a)What should you do before start cutting with a circular saw?
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield.
-Wear an approved respirator or dust mask when exposed to harmful or nuisance dusts.
-Use appropriate hearing protection equipment in noisy areas.
-Check the retracting lower blade guard to make certain it works freely.
-Ensure that the blade that you have selected is sharp enough to do the job. Sharp blades work better and are safer.
-Check the saw for proper blade rotation.
-Set the depth of the blade, while the saw is unplugged, and lock it at a depth so that the lowest tooth does not extend more than about 0.3 cm (1/8") beneath the wood.
-Keep all cords clear of cutting area.
-Circular saws are designed for right-hand operation; left-handed operation will demand more care to operate safely.
b)What should you do to work safely with a circular saw?
-Check the retracting lower blade guard frequently to make certain it works freely. It should enclose the teeth as completely as possible, and cover the unused portion of the blade when cutting.
-Check that the retracting lower blade guard has returned to its starting position before laying down the saw.
-Keep upper and retracting lower blade guard clean and free of sawdust.
-Disconnect power supply before adjusting or changing the blade.
-Allow the saw to reach full power before starting to cut
-Use two hands to operate saws - one on a trigger switch and the other on a front knob handle.
-Keep motor free from accumulation of dust and chips.
-Select the correct blade for stock being cut and allow it to cut steadily. Do not force it.
-Secure stock being cut to avoid movement.
c)What should you avoid when cutting with a circular saw?
-Do not hold or force the retracting lower guard in the open position.
-Do not place hand under the shoe or guard of the saw.
-Do not over tighten the blade-locking nut.
-Do not twist the saw to change, cut or check alignment.
-Do not use a saw that vibrates or appears unsafe in any way.
-Do not force the saw during cutting.
-Do not cut materials without first checking for obstructions or other objects such as nails and screws.
-Do not carry the saw with a finger on the trigger switch.
-Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.
-Do not rip stock without using a wedge or guide clamped or nailed to the stock.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/saw_circ.html
Friday, February 17, 2012
Safety Info - Routers
Topics:
a)What should you do before start cutting with a router?
b)What should you do to work with a router safely?
a)What should you do before start cutting with a router?
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield and appropriate hearing protection.
-Disconnect the power supply before making any adjustments or changing bits. Inspect bits carefully before installing
-Ensure that the bit is securely mounted in the chuck and the base is tight.
-Put the base of the router on the work, template or guide. Make sure that the bit can rotate freely before switching on the motor.
-Secure stock. Never rely on yourself or a second person to support or hold the material. Sudden torque or kickback from the router can cause damage and injury.
-Before using a router, check stock thoroughly for staples, nails, screws or other foreign objects.
-Keep all cords clear of cutting area.
b)What should you do to work with a router safely?
-Hold both hands on router handles always, until a motor has stopped. Do not set the router down until exposed router bit has stopped turning.
-Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.
-When inside routing, start the motor with the bit above the stock. When the router reaches full power, lower bit to required depth.
-When routing outside edges, guide the router counter clockwise around the work.
-When routing bevels, moldings and other edge work, make sure the router bit is in contact with the stock to the left of a starting point and is pointed in the correct cutting direction.
-Feed the router bit into the material at a firm, controlled speed.
-With softwood, you can sometimes move the router as fast as it can go.
-With hardwood, knotty and twisted wood, or with larger bits, cutting may be very slow.
-The sound of the motor can indicate safe cutting speeds. When the router is fed into the material too slowly, the motor makes a high-pitched whine. When the router is pushed too hard, the motor makes a low growling noise.
-When the type of wood or size of the bit requires going slow, make two or more passes to prevent the router from burning out or kicking back.
-To decide the depth of cut and how many passes to make, test the router on scrap lumber similar to the work.
-If a router is connected to a router table, refer to Woodworking Machines - Shapers for more guidance.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general electrical safety tips.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/router.html
a)What should you do before start cutting with a router?
b)What should you do to work with a router safely?
a)What should you do before start cutting with a router?
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield and appropriate hearing protection.
-Disconnect the power supply before making any adjustments or changing bits. Inspect bits carefully before installing
-Ensure that the bit is securely mounted in the chuck and the base is tight.
-Put the base of the router on the work, template or guide. Make sure that the bit can rotate freely before switching on the motor.
-Secure stock. Never rely on yourself or a second person to support or hold the material. Sudden torque or kickback from the router can cause damage and injury.
-Before using a router, check stock thoroughly for staples, nails, screws or other foreign objects.
-Keep all cords clear of cutting area.
b)What should you do to work with a router safely?
-Hold both hands on router handles always, until a motor has stopped. Do not set the router down until exposed router bit has stopped turning.
-Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.
-When inside routing, start the motor with the bit above the stock. When the router reaches full power, lower bit to required depth.
-When routing outside edges, guide the router counter clockwise around the work.
-When routing bevels, moldings and other edge work, make sure the router bit is in contact with the stock to the left of a starting point and is pointed in the correct cutting direction.
-Feed the router bit into the material at a firm, controlled speed.
-With softwood, you can sometimes move the router as fast as it can go.
-With hardwood, knotty and twisted wood, or with larger bits, cutting may be very slow.
-The sound of the motor can indicate safe cutting speeds. When the router is fed into the material too slowly, the motor makes a high-pitched whine. When the router is pushed too hard, the motor makes a low growling noise.
-When the type of wood or size of the bit requires going slow, make two or more passes to prevent the router from burning out or kicking back.
-To decide the depth of cut and how many passes to make, test the router on scrap lumber similar to the work.
-If a router is connected to a router table, refer to Woodworking Machines - Shapers for more guidance.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general electrical safety tips.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/router.html
Safety Info - Powder-Actuated Tools
Topics:
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using powder-actuated tools?
b)How should you care and service a powder-actuated tool?
c)How should you use a powder-actuated tool safely?
d)How should you use the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) safely?
e)How should you use charge cartridges safely?
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using powder-actuated tools?
-Allow only trained, competent and authorized persons who are familiar with the regulations governing the use of the tool to operate powder-actuated tools (also known as explosive actuated fastening tools ).
-Powder-actuated tools operate like loaded guns. Handle powder-actuated tools with the same respect and safety precautions as guns.
-Use the Canadian Standards Association Standard series Z166-M85 "Safety Code for Powder-Actuated Tools" as a guide for safe operation and maintenance of the tool.
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield and a hard hat.
-Wear hearing protection.
-Brace yourself at all times when working on ladders or scaffolds to maintain good balance.
-Keep tools pointed in a safe direction. Never point powder-actuated tools at anyone.
-Load powder-actuated tools just before use. Do not carry loaded tools from job to job.
-Do not leave loaded powder-actuated tools unattended.
-Do not allow bystanders near the work. Shields for protecting workers against a possible ricochet may be necessary in the working area.
b)How should you care and service a powder-actuated tool?
-Clean and maintain tools according to the manufacturers' instructions.
-Check tools before use to ensure that they are in good working order.
-Tag defective tools "Out of service" and remove from service until properly repaired.
-Store tools and cartridges in a locked container when they are not in use. Ensure that the tool is unloaded before storing it.
c)How should you use a powder-actuated tool safely?
-Use the tool at right angles to the work surface.
-Check the chamber to see that the barrel is clean and free from any obstruction, before using the tool.
-Do not use the tool where flammable or explosive vapours, dust or similar substances are present.
-Do not place your hand over the front (muzzle) end of a loaded tool.
d)How should you use the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) safely?
-Use only the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) recommended by the tool manufacturer.
-Ensure that the base material has no holes or openings and is of sufficient consistency to prevent a projectile from passing right through.
-Do not load a tool until immediately before use.
-Do not force a projectile into a working surface that is harder than the projectile being used. If the base material is unknown, use a hand hammer to drive the projectile, using it as a centre punch.
e)How should you use charge cartridges safely?
-Use only cartridges recommended by the tool manufacturer.
-Check that the colour of the cartridge is appropriate for work being done. Charge cartridges are colour-coded to show their strength.
-Conduct a first trial by using the weakest or lowest strength charge cartridge.
-Provide adequate ventilation in confined spaces where powder-actuated tools are used.
-Hold the tool in the fixing position for no less than 5 to 15 seconds when a tool misfires. Keep the tool pointed in a direction that will not cause injury to you or others and unload a cartridge with extreme caution.
-Use caution when using tools near live electrical circuits. Make sure that the nails (etc.) do not enter live circuits buried or hidden in the base material.
-Keep cartridges in a lock up when not in use.
-Do not attempt to force a cartridge into a tool.
-Do not discard unfired cartridges carelessly.
-Do not carry cartridges loose or in a pocket. Carry them in the manufacturer's package.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/powder.html
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using powder-actuated tools?
b)How should you care and service a powder-actuated tool?
c)How should you use a powder-actuated tool safely?
d)How should you use the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) safely?
e)How should you use charge cartridges safely?
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using powder-actuated tools?
-Allow only trained, competent and authorized persons who are familiar with the regulations governing the use of the tool to operate powder-actuated tools (also known as explosive actuated fastening tools ).
-Powder-actuated tools operate like loaded guns. Handle powder-actuated tools with the same respect and safety precautions as guns.
-Use the Canadian Standards Association Standard series Z166-M85 "Safety Code for Powder-Actuated Tools" as a guide for safe operation and maintenance of the tool.
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield and a hard hat.
-Wear hearing protection.
-Brace yourself at all times when working on ladders or scaffolds to maintain good balance.
-Keep tools pointed in a safe direction. Never point powder-actuated tools at anyone.
-Load powder-actuated tools just before use. Do not carry loaded tools from job to job.
-Do not leave loaded powder-actuated tools unattended.
-Do not allow bystanders near the work. Shields for protecting workers against a possible ricochet may be necessary in the working area.
b)How should you care and service a powder-actuated tool?
-Clean and maintain tools according to the manufacturers' instructions.
-Check tools before use to ensure that they are in good working order.
-Tag defective tools "Out of service" and remove from service until properly repaired.
-Store tools and cartridges in a locked container when they are not in use. Ensure that the tool is unloaded before storing it.
c)How should you use a powder-actuated tool safely?
-Use the tool at right angles to the work surface.
-Check the chamber to see that the barrel is clean and free from any obstruction, before using the tool.
-Do not use the tool where flammable or explosive vapours, dust or similar substances are present.
-Do not place your hand over the front (muzzle) end of a loaded tool.
d)How should you use the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) safely?
-Use only the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) recommended by the tool manufacturer.
-Ensure that the base material has no holes or openings and is of sufficient consistency to prevent a projectile from passing right through.
-Do not load a tool until immediately before use.
-Do not force a projectile into a working surface that is harder than the projectile being used. If the base material is unknown, use a hand hammer to drive the projectile, using it as a centre punch.
e)How should you use charge cartridges safely?
-Use only cartridges recommended by the tool manufacturer.
-Check that the colour of the cartridge is appropriate for work being done. Charge cartridges are colour-coded to show their strength.
-Conduct a first trial by using the weakest or lowest strength charge cartridge.
-Provide adequate ventilation in confined spaces where powder-actuated tools are used.
-Hold the tool in the fixing position for no less than 5 to 15 seconds when a tool misfires. Keep the tool pointed in a direction that will not cause injury to you or others and unload a cartridge with extreme caution.
-Use caution when using tools near live electrical circuits. Make sure that the nails (etc.) do not enter live circuits buried or hidden in the base material.
-Keep cartridges in a lock up when not in use.
-Do not attempt to force a cartridge into a tool.
-Do not discard unfired cartridges carelessly.
-Do not carry cartridges loose or in a pocket. Carry them in the manufacturer's package.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/powder.html
Safety Info - Pneumatic Nailing and Stapling Tools
Topics
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
b)What should you avoid when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
-Permit only experienced and trained people to operate pneumatic nailing and stapling tools.
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or face a shield and, where necessary, use hearing protection.
-Inspect each tool before connecting it to the air supply:
-Check tool safety mechanisms if applicable.
-Tighten all screws and cylinder caps securely.
-Check for correct air supply and pressure before connecting a tool.
-Check that the tool is correctly and securely connected to the air supply hose, in good working order, and has a fully operating safety mechanism before using.
-Always handle a tool as if it is loaded with fasteners (nails, staples, etc.)
-Equip tools with a work-contacting element that limits the contact area to one that is as small as practical.
-Make sure that the mechanical linkage between work-contacting element and trigger is enclosed.
-Disconnect tool from air supply when not in use and during cleaning or adjustment. --Before clearing a blockage, be sure to depress the trigger to exhaust all air from the tool.
-Use only fasteners recommended by the manufacturer.
-Permit only properly trained people to carry out tool maintenance.
b)What should you avoid when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
-Do not point the tool toward yourself or anyone else whether it contains fasteners or not.
-Do not operate at a pressure above the manufacturers' rating.
-Do not depress the trigger unless the nose piece of tool is directed onto a safe work surface.
-Do not carry a tool with the trigger depressed.
-Do not load a tool with fasteners while the trigger is depressed.
-Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.
-Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Pneumatic Tools for general safety tips for using tools powered by compressed air.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/nailing.html
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
b)What should you avoid when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
a)What general safety principles should you follow when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
-Permit only experienced and trained people to operate pneumatic nailing and stapling tools.
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or face a shield and, where necessary, use hearing protection.
-Inspect each tool before connecting it to the air supply:
-Check tool safety mechanisms if applicable.
-Tighten all screws and cylinder caps securely.
-Check for correct air supply and pressure before connecting a tool.
-Check that the tool is correctly and securely connected to the air supply hose, in good working order, and has a fully operating safety mechanism before using.
-Always handle a tool as if it is loaded with fasteners (nails, staples, etc.)
-Equip tools with a work-contacting element that limits the contact area to one that is as small as practical.
-Make sure that the mechanical linkage between work-contacting element and trigger is enclosed.
-Disconnect tool from air supply when not in use and during cleaning or adjustment. --Before clearing a blockage, be sure to depress the trigger to exhaust all air from the tool.
-Use only fasteners recommended by the manufacturer.
-Permit only properly trained people to carry out tool maintenance.
b)What should you avoid when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools?
-Do not point the tool toward yourself or anyone else whether it contains fasteners or not.
-Do not operate at a pressure above the manufacturers' rating.
-Do not depress the trigger unless the nose piece of tool is directed onto a safe work surface.
-Do not carry a tool with the trigger depressed.
-Do not load a tool with fasteners while the trigger is depressed.
-Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.
-Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Pneumatic Tools for general safety tips for using tools powered by compressed air.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/nailing.html
Safety Info - Pneumatic Tools - Basic Safety
Pneumatic Tools - Basic Safety
Topics:
a)What are pneumatic tools?
b)How do you use pneumatic tools safely?
c)How should you handle air hoses?
d)What should you avoid with a compressed air?
a)What are pneumatic tools?
-Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. Common types of these air-powered hand tools that are used in industry include buffers, nailing and stapling guns, grinders, drills, jack hammers, chipping hammers, riveting guns, sanders and wrenches.
b)How do you use pneumatic tools safely?
-Review the manufacturer's instruction before using a tool.
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield and, where necessary, safety shoes or boots and hearing protection.
-Post warning signs where pneumatic tools are used. Set up screens or shields in areas where nearby workers may be exposed to flying fragments, chips, dust, and excessive noise.
-Ensure that the compressed air supplied to the tool is clean and dry. Dust, moisture, and corrosive fumes can damage a tool. An in-line regulator filter and lubricator increases tool life.
-Keep tools clean and lubricated, and maintain them according to the manufacturers' instructions.
-Use only the attachments that the manufacturer recommends for the tools you are using.
-Be careful to prevent hands, feet, or body from injury in case the machine slips or the tool breaks.
-Reduce physical fatigue by supporting heavy tools with a counter-balance wherever possible.
c)How should you handle air hoses?
-Use the proper hose and fittings of the correct diameter.
-Use hoses specifically designed to resist abrasion, cutting, crushing and failure from continuous flexing.
-Choose air-supply hoses that have a minimum working pressure rating of 1035 kPa (150 psig) or 150% of the maximum pressure produced in the system, whichever is higher.
-Check hoses regularly for cuts, bulges and abrasions. Tag and replace, if defective.
-Blow out the air line before connecting a tool. Hold hose firmly and blow away from yourself and others.
-Make sure that hose connections fit properly and are equipped with a mechanical means of securing the connection (e.g., chain, wire, or positive locking device).
-Install quick disconnects of a pressure-release type rather than a disengagement type. Attach the male end of the connector to the tool, NOT the hose.
-Do not operate the tool at a pressure above the manufacturer's rating.
-Turn off the air pressure to hose when not in use or when changing power tools.
-Do not carry a pneumatic tool by its hose.
-Avoid creating trip hazards caused by hoses laid across walkways or curled underfoot.
-Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.
d)What should you avoid with a compressed air?
-Cleaning with compressed air is dangerous.
-Do not use compressed air for cleaning unless no alternate method of cleaning is available. The nozzle pressure MUST remain below 207 kPa (30 psi).
-Personal protective equipment and effective chip guarding techniques must be used.
-Two acceptable methods of meeting the "below 207 kPa (30 psi)" requirement are illustrated below.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/pneumat.html
Topics:
a)What are pneumatic tools?
b)How do you use pneumatic tools safely?
c)How should you handle air hoses?
d)What should you avoid with a compressed air?
a)What are pneumatic tools?
-Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. Common types of these air-powered hand tools that are used in industry include buffers, nailing and stapling guns, grinders, drills, jack hammers, chipping hammers, riveting guns, sanders and wrenches.
b)How do you use pneumatic tools safely?
-Review the manufacturer's instruction before using a tool.
-Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield and, where necessary, safety shoes or boots and hearing protection.
-Post warning signs where pneumatic tools are used. Set up screens or shields in areas where nearby workers may be exposed to flying fragments, chips, dust, and excessive noise.
-Ensure that the compressed air supplied to the tool is clean and dry. Dust, moisture, and corrosive fumes can damage a tool. An in-line regulator filter and lubricator increases tool life.
-Keep tools clean and lubricated, and maintain them according to the manufacturers' instructions.
-Use only the attachments that the manufacturer recommends for the tools you are using.
-Be careful to prevent hands, feet, or body from injury in case the machine slips or the tool breaks.
-Reduce physical fatigue by supporting heavy tools with a counter-balance wherever possible.
c)How should you handle air hoses?
-Use the proper hose and fittings of the correct diameter.
-Use hoses specifically designed to resist abrasion, cutting, crushing and failure from continuous flexing.
-Choose air-supply hoses that have a minimum working pressure rating of 1035 kPa (150 psig) or 150% of the maximum pressure produced in the system, whichever is higher.
-Check hoses regularly for cuts, bulges and abrasions. Tag and replace, if defective.
-Blow out the air line before connecting a tool. Hold hose firmly and blow away from yourself and others.
-Make sure that hose connections fit properly and are equipped with a mechanical means of securing the connection (e.g., chain, wire, or positive locking device).
-Install quick disconnects of a pressure-release type rather than a disengagement type. Attach the male end of the connector to the tool, NOT the hose.
-Do not operate the tool at a pressure above the manufacturer's rating.
-Turn off the air pressure to hose when not in use or when changing power tools.
-Do not carry a pneumatic tool by its hose.
-Avoid creating trip hazards caused by hoses laid across walkways or curled underfoot.
-Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.
d)What should you avoid with a compressed air?
-Cleaning with compressed air is dangerous.
-Do not use compressed air for cleaning unless no alternate method of cleaning is available. The nozzle pressure MUST remain below 207 kPa (30 psi).
-Personal protective equipment and effective chip guarding techniques must be used.
-Two acceptable methods of meeting the "below 207 kPa (30 psi)" requirement are illustrated below.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/pneumat.html
Safety - Electric Tools - Basic Safety
Electric Tools - Basic Safety
Topics:
a)When and how should you inspect powered hand tools?
b)What should you do if you find a tool defective?
c)What should you do before using powered hand tools?
d)What should you do while using powered hand tools?
e)What should you avoid when using powered tools?
a)When and how should you inspect powered hand tools?
-Inspect tools for any damage prior to each use.
-Check the handle and body casing of the tool for cracks or other damage.
-If the tool has auxiliary or double handles, check to see that they installed securely.
-Inspect cords for defects: check the power cord for cracking, fraying, and other signs of wear or faults in the cord insulation.
-Check for damaged switches and ones with faulty trigger locks.
-Inspect the plug for cracks and for missing, loose or faulty prongs.
b)What should you do if you find a tool defective?
-If a tool is defective, remove it from service, and tag it clearly "Out of service for repair".
-Replace damaged equipment immediately - do not use defective tools "temporarily".
Have tools repaired by a qualified person - do not attempt field repairs.
c)What should you do before using powered hand tools?
-Ensure that you have been properly trained to use the tool safely. Read the operator's manual before using the tool and operate the tool according to the manufacturer's instructions. Use only tested and approved tools.
-Ensure that the power tool has the correct guard, shield or other attachment that the manufacturer recommends.
-Prevent shocks. Ensure that the tools are properly grounded using a three-prong plug, are double-insulated (and are labelled as such), or are powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer: this will protect users from an electrical shock.
-Check electric tools to ensure that a tool with a 3-prong plug has an approved 3-wire cord and is grounded. The three-prong plug should be plugged in a properly grounded 3-pole outlet. If an adapter must be used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known, functioning ground. NEVER remove the third, grounding prong from a plug.
-Replace open front plugs with dead front plugs. Dead front plugs are sealed and present less danger of shock or short circuit.
-Have a qualified electrician install a polarized outlet if the polarized, two-prong plug of a double-insulated tool does not fit in a two-hole receptacle. Double insulated tools use plugs having one prong that is visibly wider than the other.
-Test all tools for effective grounding with a continuity tester or a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) before use.
-Use only the kind of battery that the tool manufacturer specifies for the battery-powered tool that you are using.
-Recharge a battery-powered tool only with a charger that is specifically intended for the battery in that tool.
-Remove the battery from the tool or ensure that the tool is switched off or locked off before changing accessories, making adjustments, or storing the tool.
-Store a battery pack safely so that no metal parts, nails, screws, wrenches and so on can come in contact with the battery terminals; this could result in shorting the battery and possibly cause sparks, fires or burns.
d)What should you do while using powered hand tools?
-Wear or use personal protective equipment (PPE) or clothing that is appropriate for the work you are doing; this may include items such as safety glasses or goggles, hearing protection, dust mask, gloves, safety boots or shoes, or rubber boots.
-Switch off the tools before connecting them to a power supply.
-If a power cord feels more than comfortably warm or if a tool is sparking, have it checked by an electrician or other qualified person.
-Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments or changing accessories.
-Remove any wrenches and adjusting tools before turning on a tool.
-Inspect the cord for fraying or damage before each use. Tag defective tools clearly with an "Out of service" tag and replace immediately with a tool in good running order.
-During use, keep power cords clear of tools and the path that the tool will take.
-Use clamps, a vice or other devices to hold and support the piece being worked on, when practical to do so. This will allow you to use both hands for better control of the tool and will help prevent injuries if a tool jams or binds in a work piece.
-Use only approved extension cords that have the proper wire size (gauge) for the length of cord and power requirements of the electric tool that you are using. This will prevent the cord from overheating.
-For outdoor work, use outdoor extension cords marked "W-A" or "W".
-Suspend power cords over aisles or work areas to eliminate stumbling or tripping hazards.
-Eliminate octopus connections: if more than one receptacle plug is needed, use a power bar or power distribution strip that has an integral power cord and a built-in overcurrent protection.
-Pull the plug, not the cord when unplugging a tool. Pulling the cord causes wear and may adversely affect the wiring to the plug and cause electrical shock to the operator.
-Follow good housekeeping procedures - keep the work area free of clutter and debris that could be tripping or slipping hazards.
-Keep power cords away from heat, water, oil, sharp edges and moving parts. They can damage the insulation and cause a shock.
-Ensure that cutting tools, drill bits, etc. are kept sharp, clean and well maintained.
-Store tools in a dry, secure location when they are not being used.
e)What should you avoid when using powered tools?
-Do not wear gloves, loose clothing or jewelry while using revolving power tools. Tie back long hair or wear appropriate hair protection to prevent hair from getting caught in moving parts of equipment.
-Do not use a tool unless you have been trained to use it safely and know its limitations and hazards.
-Avoid accidental starting by ensuring the tool is turned off before you plug it in. -Also do not walk around with a plugged-in tool with your finger touching the switch.
-Do not bypass the ON/OFF switch and operate the tools by connecting and disconnecting the power cord.
-Do not disconnect the power supply of the tool by pulling or jerking the cord from the outlet.
-Do not leave a running tool unattended. Do not leave it until it has been turned off, has stopped running completely, and has been unplugged.
-Do not use electric tools in wet conditions or damp locations unless tool is connected to a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).
-Do not expose electric power tools to rain or wet conditions; wet tools increase the likelihood of electric shock.
-Avoid body contact with grounded surfaces like refrigerators, pipes and radiators when using electric powered tools; this will reduce the likelihood of shock if the operator's body is grounded.
-Do not plug several power cords into one outlet by using single-to-multiple outlet adapters or converters ("cube taps").
-Do not use light duty power cords.
-Stop using an electric power tool if you feel a tingle in your fingers. This is a warning that the tool is faulty and needs repair.
-Do not connect or splice extension cords together to make a longer connection: the resulting extension cord may not be able to provide sufficient current or power safely.
-Do not carry electrical tools by the power cord.
-Do not tie power cords in knots. Knots can cause short circuits and shocks. Loop the cords or use a twist lock plug.
-Never break off the third prong on a plug: replace broken 3-prong plugs and make sure the third prong is properly grounded.
-Never use extension cords as permanent wiring: use extension cords only as a temporary power supply to an area that does not have a power outlet.
-Do not walk on or allow vehicles or other moving equipment to pass over unprotected power cords. Cords should be put in conduits or protected by placing planks on each side of them.
-Do not bush away sawdust, shavings or turnings while the tool is running. Never use compressed air for cleaning surfaces or removing sawdust, metal turnings, etc.
-Do not operate tools in an area containing explosive vapours or gases.
-Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents.
-Do not surprise or touch anyone who is operating a tool. Startling a tool operator could end up causing an accident or injury.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/saf_elec.html
Topics:
a)When and how should you inspect powered hand tools?
b)What should you do if you find a tool defective?
c)What should you do before using powered hand tools?
d)What should you do while using powered hand tools?
e)What should you avoid when using powered tools?
a)When and how should you inspect powered hand tools?
-Inspect tools for any damage prior to each use.
-Check the handle and body casing of the tool for cracks or other damage.
-If the tool has auxiliary or double handles, check to see that they installed securely.
-Inspect cords for defects: check the power cord for cracking, fraying, and other signs of wear or faults in the cord insulation.
-Check for damaged switches and ones with faulty trigger locks.
-Inspect the plug for cracks and for missing, loose or faulty prongs.
b)What should you do if you find a tool defective?
-If a tool is defective, remove it from service, and tag it clearly "Out of service for repair".
-Replace damaged equipment immediately - do not use defective tools "temporarily".
Have tools repaired by a qualified person - do not attempt field repairs.
c)What should you do before using powered hand tools?
-Ensure that you have been properly trained to use the tool safely. Read the operator's manual before using the tool and operate the tool according to the manufacturer's instructions. Use only tested and approved tools.
-Ensure that the power tool has the correct guard, shield or other attachment that the manufacturer recommends.
-Prevent shocks. Ensure that the tools are properly grounded using a three-prong plug, are double-insulated (and are labelled as such), or are powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer: this will protect users from an electrical shock.
-Check electric tools to ensure that a tool with a 3-prong plug has an approved 3-wire cord and is grounded. The three-prong plug should be plugged in a properly grounded 3-pole outlet. If an adapter must be used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known, functioning ground. NEVER remove the third, grounding prong from a plug.
-Replace open front plugs with dead front plugs. Dead front plugs are sealed and present less danger of shock or short circuit.
-Have a qualified electrician install a polarized outlet if the polarized, two-prong plug of a double-insulated tool does not fit in a two-hole receptacle. Double insulated tools use plugs having one prong that is visibly wider than the other.
-Test all tools for effective grounding with a continuity tester or a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) before use.
-Use only the kind of battery that the tool manufacturer specifies for the battery-powered tool that you are using.
-Recharge a battery-powered tool only with a charger that is specifically intended for the battery in that tool.
-Remove the battery from the tool or ensure that the tool is switched off or locked off before changing accessories, making adjustments, or storing the tool.
-Store a battery pack safely so that no metal parts, nails, screws, wrenches and so on can come in contact with the battery terminals; this could result in shorting the battery and possibly cause sparks, fires or burns.
d)What should you do while using powered hand tools?
-Wear or use personal protective equipment (PPE) or clothing that is appropriate for the work you are doing; this may include items such as safety glasses or goggles, hearing protection, dust mask, gloves, safety boots or shoes, or rubber boots.
-Switch off the tools before connecting them to a power supply.
-If a power cord feels more than comfortably warm or if a tool is sparking, have it checked by an electrician or other qualified person.
-Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments or changing accessories.
-Remove any wrenches and adjusting tools before turning on a tool.
-Inspect the cord for fraying or damage before each use. Tag defective tools clearly with an "Out of service" tag and replace immediately with a tool in good running order.
-During use, keep power cords clear of tools and the path that the tool will take.
-Use clamps, a vice or other devices to hold and support the piece being worked on, when practical to do so. This will allow you to use both hands for better control of the tool and will help prevent injuries if a tool jams or binds in a work piece.
-Use only approved extension cords that have the proper wire size (gauge) for the length of cord and power requirements of the electric tool that you are using. This will prevent the cord from overheating.
-For outdoor work, use outdoor extension cords marked "W-A" or "W".
-Suspend power cords over aisles or work areas to eliminate stumbling or tripping hazards.
-Eliminate octopus connections: if more than one receptacle plug is needed, use a power bar or power distribution strip that has an integral power cord and a built-in overcurrent protection.
-Pull the plug, not the cord when unplugging a tool. Pulling the cord causes wear and may adversely affect the wiring to the plug and cause electrical shock to the operator.
-Follow good housekeeping procedures - keep the work area free of clutter and debris that could be tripping or slipping hazards.
-Keep power cords away from heat, water, oil, sharp edges and moving parts. They can damage the insulation and cause a shock.
-Ensure that cutting tools, drill bits, etc. are kept sharp, clean and well maintained.
-Store tools in a dry, secure location when they are not being used.
e)What should you avoid when using powered tools?
-Do not wear gloves, loose clothing or jewelry while using revolving power tools. Tie back long hair or wear appropriate hair protection to prevent hair from getting caught in moving parts of equipment.
-Do not use a tool unless you have been trained to use it safely and know its limitations and hazards.
-Avoid accidental starting by ensuring the tool is turned off before you plug it in. -Also do not walk around with a plugged-in tool with your finger touching the switch.
-Do not bypass the ON/OFF switch and operate the tools by connecting and disconnecting the power cord.
-Do not disconnect the power supply of the tool by pulling or jerking the cord from the outlet.
-Do not leave a running tool unattended. Do not leave it until it has been turned off, has stopped running completely, and has been unplugged.
-Do not use electric tools in wet conditions or damp locations unless tool is connected to a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).
-Do not expose electric power tools to rain or wet conditions; wet tools increase the likelihood of electric shock.
-Avoid body contact with grounded surfaces like refrigerators, pipes and radiators when using electric powered tools; this will reduce the likelihood of shock if the operator's body is grounded.
-Do not plug several power cords into one outlet by using single-to-multiple outlet adapters or converters ("cube taps").
-Do not use light duty power cords.
-Stop using an electric power tool if you feel a tingle in your fingers. This is a warning that the tool is faulty and needs repair.
-Do not connect or splice extension cords together to make a longer connection: the resulting extension cord may not be able to provide sufficient current or power safely.
-Do not carry electrical tools by the power cord.
-Do not tie power cords in knots. Knots can cause short circuits and shocks. Loop the cords or use a twist lock plug.
-Never break off the third prong on a plug: replace broken 3-prong plugs and make sure the third prong is properly grounded.
-Never use extension cords as permanent wiring: use extension cords only as a temporary power supply to an area that does not have a power outlet.
-Do not walk on or allow vehicles or other moving equipment to pass over unprotected power cords. Cords should be put in conduits or protected by placing planks on each side of them.
-Do not bush away sawdust, shavings or turnings while the tool is running. Never use compressed air for cleaning surfaces or removing sawdust, metal turnings, etc.
-Do not operate tools in an area containing explosive vapours or gases.
-Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents.
-Do not surprise or touch anyone who is operating a tool. Startling a tool operator could end up causing an accident or injury.
Sources: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/saf_elec.html
Safety Info - Drill
Drills
Topics:
a)How do you select the proper bit or attachment?
b)What should you do when working with powered hand drills?
c)What should you do when working with small pieces?
d)What should you avoid when working with powered hand drills?
a)How do you select the proper bit or attachment?
Follow manufacturers' instructions when selecting and using a bit or attachment, especially with unfamiliar drills or work.
Select the bit or attachment suitable for the size of the drill and the work being done.
Ensure that the bit or attachments are properly seated and tightened in the chuck.
Use only bits and attachments that turn true.
Use the auxiliary (second) handle for larger work or continuous operation.
b)What should you do when working with powered hand drills?
Wear safety glasses or a face shield.
Keep drill air vents clear to maintain adequate ventilation.
Keep drill bits sharp always.
Keep all cords clear of the cutting area during use. Inspect for frays or damage before each use.
Disconnect power supply before changing or adjusting bit or attachments.
Tighten the chuck securely. Remove chuck key before starting drill.
Secure workpiece being drilled to prevent movement.
Slow the rate of feed just before breaking through the surface.
Drill a small "pilot" hole before drilling large holes.
c)What should you do when working with small pieces?
Clamp stock so work will not twist or spin.
Do not drill with one hand while holding the material with the other.
d)What should you avoid when working with powered hand drills?
Do not use a bent drill bit.
Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum drilling capacities.
Do not use a hole saw cutter without the pilot drill.
Do not use high speed steel (HSS) bits without cooling or using lubrication.
Do not attempt to free a jammed bit by starting and stopping the drill. Unplug the drill and then remove the bit from the workpiece.
Do not reach under or around stock being drilled.
Do not overreach. Always keep proper footing and balance.
Do not raise or lower the drill by its power cord.
Do not use in wet or muddy locations. Use a nonpowered drill instead.
Do not use excessive force to drill into hard material. Reduce drill speed if possible.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.
Souces: OSH Answer - http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/drills.html
Topics:
a)How do you select the proper bit or attachment?
b)What should you do when working with powered hand drills?
c)What should you do when working with small pieces?
d)What should you avoid when working with powered hand drills?
a)How do you select the proper bit or attachment?
Follow manufacturers' instructions when selecting and using a bit or attachment, especially with unfamiliar drills or work.
Select the bit or attachment suitable for the size of the drill and the work being done.
Ensure that the bit or attachments are properly seated and tightened in the chuck.
Use only bits and attachments that turn true.
Use the auxiliary (second) handle for larger work or continuous operation.
b)What should you do when working with powered hand drills?
Wear safety glasses or a face shield.
Keep drill air vents clear to maintain adequate ventilation.
Keep drill bits sharp always.
Keep all cords clear of the cutting area during use. Inspect for frays or damage before each use.
Disconnect power supply before changing or adjusting bit or attachments.
Tighten the chuck securely. Remove chuck key before starting drill.
Secure workpiece being drilled to prevent movement.
Slow the rate of feed just before breaking through the surface.
Drill a small "pilot" hole before drilling large holes.
c)What should you do when working with small pieces?
Clamp stock so work will not twist or spin.
Do not drill with one hand while holding the material with the other.
d)What should you avoid when working with powered hand drills?
Do not use a bent drill bit.
Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum drilling capacities.
Do not use a hole saw cutter without the pilot drill.
Do not use high speed steel (HSS) bits without cooling or using lubrication.
Do not attempt to free a jammed bit by starting and stopping the drill. Unplug the drill and then remove the bit from the workpiece.
Do not reach under or around stock being drilled.
Do not overreach. Always keep proper footing and balance.
Do not raise or lower the drill by its power cord.
Do not use in wet or muddy locations. Use a nonpowered drill instead.
Do not use excessive force to drill into hard material. Reduce drill speed if possible.
Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.
Souces: OSH Answer - http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/drills.html
Thursday, February 2, 2012
Keselamatan Makmal
1. KESELAMATAN MAKMAL SAINS
1.1 BAHAN KIMIA
Terdapat berbagai-bagai jenis bahan kimia berbahaya yang sering digunakan dalam makmal sains sekolah pada masa ini. Antaranya, ada yang mudah terbakar, mengkakis, beracun mudah meletup dan kesan-kesan lain yang mempunyai gabungan bahaya tersebut di atas.Pelajar-pelajar hendaklah membasuh tangan selepas menjalankan eksperimen yang melibatkan bahan kimia.
Jika pipet digunakan untuk mengukur isipadu larutan bahan kimia, pengisi pipet hendaklah digunakan untuk menyedut keluar larutan. Jangan sedut dengan mulut.
Mesti berhati-hati serta cermat bila menggunakan bahan-bahan berikut:
1.1.1 Pepejal Mudah Terbakar
Logam Natrium dan Kalium hendaklah disimpan terendam sepenuhnya dalam minyak (Kerosin atau minyak tanah) dan terletak jauh daripada larutan berair. Fosforus kuning mestilah disimpan terendam sepenuhnya dalam air dan jangan dibiarkan menjadi kering. Penyimpanan ketiga-tiga bahan ini hendaklah diperiksa selalu untuk menentukan bahawa ia terendam sepenuhnya dalam cecair. (Penggunaan fosforus kuning tidak digalakkan di sekolah).
Bahan pengoksida yang kuat (misalnya klorat, perklorat, nitrat, mengganat, peroksida, asid nitrik) mestilah disimpan berjauhan daripada bahan-bahan yang mudah teroksida.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan beberapa pepejal mudah terbakar disertai dengan kesan bahaya dan kaedah penyimpanan masing-masing.
1.1.2 Cecair Mudah Terbakar
Cecair mudah terbakar yang banyak seperti yang terdapat dalam botol “Winchester” hendaklah disimpan pada aras terbawah dalam almari . Almari ini harus mempunyai tubir untuk mencegah cecair mengalir keluar daripada botol yang pecah. Cecair ini haruslah disimpan dalam bekas dan hendaklah terhindar daripada bara api dan sumber elektrik kerana wap daripadanya boleh menyebabkan letupan.
Cecair tersebut mesti dipanaskan dengan menggunakan kukus air. Jauhkan cecair mudah terbakar daripada sebarang sumber nyalaan.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan beberapa cecair yang mudah terbakar, serta takat kilat masing-masing.
Jadual 2: Bahan Kimia (Cecair) Mudah Terbakar
Bahan / Takat Kilat /C (Sambaran)
Propana / 104
Dietil eter / 45
Dimetil eter / 41
Karbon disulfida / 30
Aseton / 18
Sprit petroleum / 17
Metanol / 10
Etanol / 10
1.1.3 Bahan Kimia Mengkakis
Contoh bahan-bahan kimia bersifat mengkakis adalah asid-asid pekat seperti asid nitrik, asid hidroklorik, asid sulfurik, asid etanoik, asid metanoik, ammonia pekat, hidrogen peroksida pekat, metanol, fenol, cecair bromin, kalium manganat (VII) dan argentum nitrat.
Elakkan anggota badan daripada tersentuh bahan-bahan tersebut. Pengendalian bahan kimia ini hendaklah dilakukan dalam kebuk wasap dengan memakai cermin mata keselamatan serta sarung tangan keselamatan.
Sekiranya sebahagian badan terkena bahan kimia mengkakis, bahagian tersebut hendaklah segera dibilas dengan air yang berlebihan.
Selalunya , jika amali melibatkan bahan kimia mengkakis dengan bahan organik, kuantiti yang kecil sahaja digunakan.
1.1.4 Bahan Kimia Beracun
Eksperimen dengan gas beracun mesti dilakukan dalam kebuk wasap.Gunakan pipet untuk menyedut keluar cacair yang beracun.
Seseorang yang menggunakan bahan kimia beracun mesti memakai cermin mata keselamatan dan sarung tangan keselamatan getah. Selepas eksperimen, tangan hendaklah dibasuh.
Jika mata untuk kulit ternena bahan kimia beracun, cuci segera dengan air yang banyak. Sebagai langkah susulan rawatan Pegawai perubatan hendaklah didapati.
(A) Langkah Keselamatan
Bahan-bahan kimia yang berikut mempunyai kesan yang boleh memudaratkan. Oleh itu langkah keselamatan mesti diberi perhatian.
(i) ANILINA mudah menyerap ke dalam kulit.
(ii) BENZENA jika dihidu sedikit-sedikit selama tempoh masa yang agak lama, boleh menjadi racun. Ia juga boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit. Jika boleh ia mestilah digantikan dengan bahan yang kurang beraacun misalnya toluena atau xilena.
(iii) WAP BROMIN adalah merbahaya kepada mata, hidung dan paru-paru. Ia juga membahaya bila bersentuhan dengan kulit.
(iv) KARBON DISULFIDA boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit dan wapnya sangat beracun. Ia sangat mudah terbakar dan mempunyai takat suhu nyalaan yang rendah.
(v) WAP KARBON TETRAKLOARIDA (tetraklorometana) adalah beracun dan boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit.
(vi) KLOROFORM (Triklometana) adalah beracun dan boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit.
(vii) HIDROGEN SULFIDA sama beracun seperti hidrogen sianida, tetapi ia bukanlah racun yang menokok. Ia mesti digunakan hanya dalam kebuk wasap sahaja.
(viii) MERKURI mesti dipanaskan hanya di dalam kebuk wasap tetapi lebih baik lagi jika tidak dipanaaskan langsung. Wapnya ADALAH SANGAT merbahaya.
(ix) SULFUR DIOKSIDA adalah beracun.
(B) Peraturan Penyimpanan
Penyimpanan bahan kimia hendaklah mengikut peraturan-peraturan berikut:
(i) Semua botol reagen bahan kimia mestilah dilebel dengan jelas dan lebel itu hendaklah diperiksa dari semasa ke semasa.
Bagi-bahan kimia yang beracun dan berbahaya simbol-simbol tertentu digunakan.
(ii) Bahan kimia tidak sepatutnya disimpan dalam makmal tetapi mestilah disimpan dalam stor bahan kimia yang mempunyai peredaran udara yang baik. Rak menyimpan bahan ini mestilah bertubir untuk mengelakkan botol daripada jatuh.
(iii) Cecair meruap dan lain-lain cecair yang berbahaya hendaklah disimpan dalam tempat khas yang kalis api.
(iv) Bahan kimia yang beracun hendaklah disimpan dalam almari yang berkunci di dalam stor. Penggunaannya mestilah direkodkan.
(iv) Di dalam makmal tidak digalakkan ,menympan cecair yang lebih daripada 500cm3. Bahan kimia lama yang tidak boleh digunakan lagi merupakan sumber yang akan mendatangkan bahaya (misalnya letupan). Ia mestilah dirawat mengikut cara yang betul.
1.1.5 Amalan Keselamtan Bagi tumpahan bahan Kimia
Sebarang tumpahan bahan kimia adalah berbahaya, kerana ia menyebabkan kebakaran, kemalangan dan mengeluarkan wasap toksik.
(i) Bahan pepejal kering : Bahan ini disapu, dikumpul dan dimasuki dalam bekas sisa buangan yang sesuai.
(ii) Larutan (Asid) : Tumpahan larutan asid hendaklah dengan air berlebihan.
Pepejal Natrium Hidrogen Karbonat atau laarutannya boleh digunakan untuk meneutralkan saki baki tumpahan asid dan kemudiannya dicuci dengan air.
Peringatan : Apabila air disiram ke atas tumpahan asid sulfik pekat, dengan tujuan untuk membersihkannya, haba terhasil dan asid akan terpercik. Siram dengan air yang banyak untuk mencairkan asid dan ini akan mengurangkan hasilan haba serta percikan asid itu.
i) larutan Alkali : Tumpahan larutan alkali hendaklah disiram dengan air berlebihan terus ke dalam longkang.
Peringatan: Larutan alkali akan menyebabkanlantai menjadi licin. ?Tabur pasir ke atas tumpahan tersebut dan bersihkan.
i) Bahan berminyak
Tumpahan minyak hendaklah dilap dengan kain dan terus dibuang. Mop kawasan tumpahan dengan sabun dan air dan lap hingga kering.
ii) Pelarut mudah Meruap : Tumpahan pelarut mudah meruap akan meruap dengan cepat. Tumpahan ini mungkin menyebabkan kebakaran, letupan, atau sesak nafas. Kaedah pembersihan adalah seperti berikut:
(a) Jika tumpahan itu sedikit, lapkan dengan kain dan buangkan kain tersebut ke dalam bekas sisa buangan yang sesuai.
Dan
b) Tumpahan yang banyak dimop sehingga kering (Lakukan seperti kaedah di atas (i).
iii) Merkuri:
Tumpahan merkuri merupakan punca biasa wap merkuri dalam udara makmal . Jika merkuri tertumpah pastikan tingkap, pintu dibuka supaya terdapat peredaran udara yang cukup. Jika tumpahan yang berlaku adalah sedikit, litup merkuri dengan serbuk sulfur. Penguntip merkuri boleh digunakan untuk mengutip merkuri yang banyak.
* Peringatan: Pakai sarung tangan getah keselamat semasa membersihkan sabarang tumpahan.
1.1.6 Pelupusan
Satu senarai bahan kimia yang beracun dan kaedah rawatan atau pelupusan yang sepadan baginya hendalahdiadakan dalam makmal. Pelupusan bahan-bahan kimia toksik hendakalh terlebih dahuludirujuk kepada jabatan kimia,Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar unatuk mendapatkan khimat nasihat.
Sources: Makmal Sains Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Berangan, Tumpat, Kelantan
1.1 BAHAN KIMIA
Terdapat berbagai-bagai jenis bahan kimia berbahaya yang sering digunakan dalam makmal sains sekolah pada masa ini. Antaranya, ada yang mudah terbakar, mengkakis, beracun mudah meletup dan kesan-kesan lain yang mempunyai gabungan bahaya tersebut di atas.Pelajar-pelajar hendaklah membasuh tangan selepas menjalankan eksperimen yang melibatkan bahan kimia.
Jika pipet digunakan untuk mengukur isipadu larutan bahan kimia, pengisi pipet hendaklah digunakan untuk menyedut keluar larutan. Jangan sedut dengan mulut.
Mesti berhati-hati serta cermat bila menggunakan bahan-bahan berikut:
1.1.1 Pepejal Mudah Terbakar
Logam Natrium dan Kalium hendaklah disimpan terendam sepenuhnya dalam minyak (Kerosin atau minyak tanah) dan terletak jauh daripada larutan berair. Fosforus kuning mestilah disimpan terendam sepenuhnya dalam air dan jangan dibiarkan menjadi kering. Penyimpanan ketiga-tiga bahan ini hendaklah diperiksa selalu untuk menentukan bahawa ia terendam sepenuhnya dalam cecair. (Penggunaan fosforus kuning tidak digalakkan di sekolah).
Bahan pengoksida yang kuat (misalnya klorat, perklorat, nitrat, mengganat, peroksida, asid nitrik) mestilah disimpan berjauhan daripada bahan-bahan yang mudah teroksida.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan beberapa pepejal mudah terbakar disertai dengan kesan bahaya dan kaedah penyimpanan masing-masing.
1.1.2 Cecair Mudah Terbakar
Cecair mudah terbakar yang banyak seperti yang terdapat dalam botol “Winchester” hendaklah disimpan pada aras terbawah dalam almari . Almari ini harus mempunyai tubir untuk mencegah cecair mengalir keluar daripada botol yang pecah. Cecair ini haruslah disimpan dalam bekas dan hendaklah terhindar daripada bara api dan sumber elektrik kerana wap daripadanya boleh menyebabkan letupan.
Cecair tersebut mesti dipanaskan dengan menggunakan kukus air. Jauhkan cecair mudah terbakar daripada sebarang sumber nyalaan.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan beberapa cecair yang mudah terbakar, serta takat kilat masing-masing.
Jadual 2: Bahan Kimia (Cecair) Mudah Terbakar
Bahan / Takat Kilat /C (Sambaran)
Propana / 104
Dietil eter / 45
Dimetil eter / 41
Karbon disulfida / 30
Aseton / 18
Sprit petroleum / 17
Metanol / 10
Etanol / 10
1.1.3 Bahan Kimia Mengkakis
Contoh bahan-bahan kimia bersifat mengkakis adalah asid-asid pekat seperti asid nitrik, asid hidroklorik, asid sulfurik, asid etanoik, asid metanoik, ammonia pekat, hidrogen peroksida pekat, metanol, fenol, cecair bromin, kalium manganat (VII) dan argentum nitrat.
Elakkan anggota badan daripada tersentuh bahan-bahan tersebut. Pengendalian bahan kimia ini hendaklah dilakukan dalam kebuk wasap dengan memakai cermin mata keselamatan serta sarung tangan keselamatan.
Sekiranya sebahagian badan terkena bahan kimia mengkakis, bahagian tersebut hendaklah segera dibilas dengan air yang berlebihan.
Selalunya , jika amali melibatkan bahan kimia mengkakis dengan bahan organik, kuantiti yang kecil sahaja digunakan.
1.1.4 Bahan Kimia Beracun
Eksperimen dengan gas beracun mesti dilakukan dalam kebuk wasap.Gunakan pipet untuk menyedut keluar cacair yang beracun.
Seseorang yang menggunakan bahan kimia beracun mesti memakai cermin mata keselamatan dan sarung tangan keselamatan getah. Selepas eksperimen, tangan hendaklah dibasuh.
Jika mata untuk kulit ternena bahan kimia beracun, cuci segera dengan air yang banyak. Sebagai langkah susulan rawatan Pegawai perubatan hendaklah didapati.
(A) Langkah Keselamatan
Bahan-bahan kimia yang berikut mempunyai kesan yang boleh memudaratkan. Oleh itu langkah keselamatan mesti diberi perhatian.
(i) ANILINA mudah menyerap ke dalam kulit.
(ii) BENZENA jika dihidu sedikit-sedikit selama tempoh masa yang agak lama, boleh menjadi racun. Ia juga boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit. Jika boleh ia mestilah digantikan dengan bahan yang kurang beraacun misalnya toluena atau xilena.
(iii) WAP BROMIN adalah merbahaya kepada mata, hidung dan paru-paru. Ia juga membahaya bila bersentuhan dengan kulit.
(iv) KARBON DISULFIDA boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit dan wapnya sangat beracun. Ia sangat mudah terbakar dan mempunyai takat suhu nyalaan yang rendah.
(v) WAP KARBON TETRAKLOARIDA (tetraklorometana) adalah beracun dan boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit.
(vi) KLOROFORM (Triklometana) adalah beracun dan boleh menyerap ke dalam kulit.
(vii) HIDROGEN SULFIDA sama beracun seperti hidrogen sianida, tetapi ia bukanlah racun yang menokok. Ia mesti digunakan hanya dalam kebuk wasap sahaja.
(viii) MERKURI mesti dipanaskan hanya di dalam kebuk wasap tetapi lebih baik lagi jika tidak dipanaaskan langsung. Wapnya ADALAH SANGAT merbahaya.
(ix) SULFUR DIOKSIDA adalah beracun.
(B) Peraturan Penyimpanan
Penyimpanan bahan kimia hendaklah mengikut peraturan-peraturan berikut:
(i) Semua botol reagen bahan kimia mestilah dilebel dengan jelas dan lebel itu hendaklah diperiksa dari semasa ke semasa.
Bagi-bahan kimia yang beracun dan berbahaya simbol-simbol tertentu digunakan.
(ii) Bahan kimia tidak sepatutnya disimpan dalam makmal tetapi mestilah disimpan dalam stor bahan kimia yang mempunyai peredaran udara yang baik. Rak menyimpan bahan ini mestilah bertubir untuk mengelakkan botol daripada jatuh.
(iii) Cecair meruap dan lain-lain cecair yang berbahaya hendaklah disimpan dalam tempat khas yang kalis api.
(iv) Bahan kimia yang beracun hendaklah disimpan dalam almari yang berkunci di dalam stor. Penggunaannya mestilah direkodkan.
(iv) Di dalam makmal tidak digalakkan ,menympan cecair yang lebih daripada 500cm3. Bahan kimia lama yang tidak boleh digunakan lagi merupakan sumber yang akan mendatangkan bahaya (misalnya letupan). Ia mestilah dirawat mengikut cara yang betul.
1.1.5 Amalan Keselamtan Bagi tumpahan bahan Kimia
Sebarang tumpahan bahan kimia adalah berbahaya, kerana ia menyebabkan kebakaran, kemalangan dan mengeluarkan wasap toksik.
(i) Bahan pepejal kering : Bahan ini disapu, dikumpul dan dimasuki dalam bekas sisa buangan yang sesuai.
(ii) Larutan (Asid) : Tumpahan larutan asid hendaklah dengan air berlebihan.
Pepejal Natrium Hidrogen Karbonat atau laarutannya boleh digunakan untuk meneutralkan saki baki tumpahan asid dan kemudiannya dicuci dengan air.
Peringatan : Apabila air disiram ke atas tumpahan asid sulfik pekat, dengan tujuan untuk membersihkannya, haba terhasil dan asid akan terpercik. Siram dengan air yang banyak untuk mencairkan asid dan ini akan mengurangkan hasilan haba serta percikan asid itu.
i) larutan Alkali : Tumpahan larutan alkali hendaklah disiram dengan air berlebihan terus ke dalam longkang.
Peringatan: Larutan alkali akan menyebabkanlantai menjadi licin. ?Tabur pasir ke atas tumpahan tersebut dan bersihkan.
i) Bahan berminyak
Tumpahan minyak hendaklah dilap dengan kain dan terus dibuang. Mop kawasan tumpahan dengan sabun dan air dan lap hingga kering.
ii) Pelarut mudah Meruap : Tumpahan pelarut mudah meruap akan meruap dengan cepat. Tumpahan ini mungkin menyebabkan kebakaran, letupan, atau sesak nafas. Kaedah pembersihan adalah seperti berikut:
(a) Jika tumpahan itu sedikit, lapkan dengan kain dan buangkan kain tersebut ke dalam bekas sisa buangan yang sesuai.
Dan
b) Tumpahan yang banyak dimop sehingga kering (Lakukan seperti kaedah di atas (i).
iii) Merkuri:
Tumpahan merkuri merupakan punca biasa wap merkuri dalam udara makmal . Jika merkuri tertumpah pastikan tingkap, pintu dibuka supaya terdapat peredaran udara yang cukup. Jika tumpahan yang berlaku adalah sedikit, litup merkuri dengan serbuk sulfur. Penguntip merkuri boleh digunakan untuk mengutip merkuri yang banyak.
* Peringatan: Pakai sarung tangan getah keselamat semasa membersihkan sabarang tumpahan.
1.1.6 Pelupusan
Satu senarai bahan kimia yang beracun dan kaedah rawatan atau pelupusan yang sepadan baginya hendalahdiadakan dalam makmal. Pelupusan bahan-bahan kimia toksik hendakalh terlebih dahuludirujuk kepada jabatan kimia,Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar unatuk mendapatkan khimat nasihat.
Sources: Makmal Sains Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Berangan, Tumpat, Kelantan
Safe Computer Use Tips
As we use computers for longer hours every day, we may notice increasing aches and pains in some parts of our bodies. These musculoskeletal problems can happen in anyone who uses a computer for long hours: computer programmers, engineers, data entry workers, telephone operators, customer service workers, and even graduate students. The problems can range from minor muscle aches that last less than a few hours to persistent tendon problems that can last for years. The more severe problems can lead people to leave a job they like or stop doing sports activities they enjoy, like tennis or bicycle riding. So we should do what we can to prevent the minor aches of work from progressing to disabling conditions.
The most common body areas to watch for are the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders and neck. The problems may vary from aches to pain, burning, numbness or tingling. These symptoms may be felt during typing or mouse use or at other times when no work is being done, including during the night when the symptoms might wake you up. If you experience these symptoms, or other persistent or recurring pain that you think may be related to using a computer, you should see a qualified physician or talk to your company's health and safety staff. The earlier a problem is properly diagnoses and treated, the less chance there is that it will progress to a disabling condition.
Now, having said that, you should know that most often these problems are not serious and will go away with a little attention to the way you work. First of all , the more hours you work, the greater your risk. In my patients I frequently hear that their problem started after they worked on a project with a tight deadline. For example, they worked for 10 to 12 hours a day for two weeks, and the ache that started in the elbow just never goes away.
Point 1. When working on the computer for long hours, pay attention to tension, discomfort or pain you feel and take immediate action to relieve it.
Point 2. Make sure you stand up and walk away from your computer on a regular basis. Just walk around for a few minutes, stretch, and relax. This should be done at least every hour. For my patients I recommend that they use a timer and get away from their computer every 20 to 30 minutes.
The greatest risk for these problems occurs when people use computers intensely for long hours and work in poor postures. Ergonomics is the study of understanding the limitations of the human body in order to design productive and comfortable workplaces, tools and work tasks. We study what postures are comfortable for computer work and what are not.
Figuring out how to properly set up your workstation, chair, monitor, keyboard and mouse can be a complicated task because when you adjust one thing, like the height of the chair, it can effect something else, like your wrist angle. The goal should be to adjust everything so that your body is in a comfortable posture that you would not mind being in for hours. You would not drive a car without adjusting the seat and mirror. Likewise, you should not drive the computer without adjusting it to your body. Here is an overview of how to adjust your workstation.
Point 3. Adjust you chair so your feet and back are firmly supported by the floor and seat back. You should lean back in your chair a little. Arm rests can be a nuisance; they can press on the elbow or prevent you from pulling your chair forward.
Point 4. Position the monitor so the top is about at the level of your eyes and it is straight in front of you. It should be about an arm length away. If it is difficult to see the small characters check the glare, monitor resolution, or your eyes. You may need glasses (bifocals can be a problem). You should not have to lean forward to see your work. If you are frequently reading from books or papers when using the computer, use a sturdy document holder set next to the monitor.
Point 5. The keyboard should usually be at a low height, near the height of your elbows and the mouse or trackball should be right next to the keyboard. They can be higher if you have a padded surface to rest your forearms on. I am not a big fan of wrist rests; the wrist is a sensitive part of the body and it should not be constantly resting on something. Having to continuously reach for the keyboard or mouse may lead to shoulder pain. If you have to reach for the keyboard or mouse (for example with a high desk surface), rest your arms in the middle area of the forearms. Generally the keyboard should be flat so that the wrists are relatively straight.
Point 6. Try a different keyboard, mice and trackball -- there are many alternative designs on the market and it is up to you to find the one that works best for you. Some people find using the mouse uncomfortable. They can try using the mouse with their other hand or try switching to a trackball. People with hand and wrist pain may want to try the Microsoft Natural Elite keyboard; it appears to reduce hand pain.
Finally, the stresses of work can make aches and pains worse. The stresses of deadlines has already been mentioned. Ideally, you should try to set up your work so you can control the pace and flow of your work, so that you can take a break when you need to and not feel like you have to work through your coffee break or lunch breaks. As mentioned, get away from the computer for a few minutes regularly. Sometimes a coworker or the supervisor may get on your nerves. Try to constructively resolve these conflicts; do not let them fester.
As one of my professors said once, "The job you do should be something you look forward to doing every day, something that you would rather do than anything else in the World". Not all of us are fortunate enough to have a job like that. But we can take steps to make our work better and safer.
It's Your Body
Long hours on the computer can be rewarding, even fun, but they can also lead to aches and pains in your neck, shoulders, arms and hands. If you ignore these aches and continue working with improper work habits you may develop painful and disabling injuries.
You may have heard of some of these musculoskeletal problems: tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and other health problems referred to as repetitive strain injuries (RSI) or cumulative trauma disorders.
Why some people develop these problems and others do not may be due to things like our age, physical conditioning, medical conditions (e.g., pregnancy, diabetes), hobbies (e.g., musical instrument use, weight lifting), and our ability to relax and get along with co-workers and supervisors.
But they also can be brought on by long uninterrupted hours at the computer, especially under stressful work conditions, using improper work habits and improper postures. Although setting up your computer may seem intuitive and as simple as pulling up a chair and reaching for the mouse, it takes deliberate effort to use your computer properly.
The purpose of this guide is to help you set up your computer and develop good work habits so that you can be productive and comfortable when using the computer.
If You Have Pain
If you experience recurrent, persistent or worsening discomfort, especially if the discomfort includes pain, numbness or weakness, promptly consult a qualified physician.
The earlier a problem is correctly diagnosed and treated, the easier it is to take care of and the less chance there is that it will progress to a disabling condition.
Sources: Regents of the University of California
The most common body areas to watch for are the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders and neck. The problems may vary from aches to pain, burning, numbness or tingling. These symptoms may be felt during typing or mouse use or at other times when no work is being done, including during the night when the symptoms might wake you up. If you experience these symptoms, or other persistent or recurring pain that you think may be related to using a computer, you should see a qualified physician or talk to your company's health and safety staff. The earlier a problem is properly diagnoses and treated, the less chance there is that it will progress to a disabling condition.
Now, having said that, you should know that most often these problems are not serious and will go away with a little attention to the way you work. First of all , the more hours you work, the greater your risk. In my patients I frequently hear that their problem started after they worked on a project with a tight deadline. For example, they worked for 10 to 12 hours a day for two weeks, and the ache that started in the elbow just never goes away.
Point 1. When working on the computer for long hours, pay attention to tension, discomfort or pain you feel and take immediate action to relieve it.
Point 2. Make sure you stand up and walk away from your computer on a regular basis. Just walk around for a few minutes, stretch, and relax. This should be done at least every hour. For my patients I recommend that they use a timer and get away from their computer every 20 to 30 minutes.
The greatest risk for these problems occurs when people use computers intensely for long hours and work in poor postures. Ergonomics is the study of understanding the limitations of the human body in order to design productive and comfortable workplaces, tools and work tasks. We study what postures are comfortable for computer work and what are not.
Figuring out how to properly set up your workstation, chair, monitor, keyboard and mouse can be a complicated task because when you adjust one thing, like the height of the chair, it can effect something else, like your wrist angle. The goal should be to adjust everything so that your body is in a comfortable posture that you would not mind being in for hours. You would not drive a car without adjusting the seat and mirror. Likewise, you should not drive the computer without adjusting it to your body. Here is an overview of how to adjust your workstation.
Point 3. Adjust you chair so your feet and back are firmly supported by the floor and seat back. You should lean back in your chair a little. Arm rests can be a nuisance; they can press on the elbow or prevent you from pulling your chair forward.
Point 4. Position the monitor so the top is about at the level of your eyes and it is straight in front of you. It should be about an arm length away. If it is difficult to see the small characters check the glare, monitor resolution, or your eyes. You may need glasses (bifocals can be a problem). You should not have to lean forward to see your work. If you are frequently reading from books or papers when using the computer, use a sturdy document holder set next to the monitor.
Point 5. The keyboard should usually be at a low height, near the height of your elbows and the mouse or trackball should be right next to the keyboard. They can be higher if you have a padded surface to rest your forearms on. I am not a big fan of wrist rests; the wrist is a sensitive part of the body and it should not be constantly resting on something. Having to continuously reach for the keyboard or mouse may lead to shoulder pain. If you have to reach for the keyboard or mouse (for example with a high desk surface), rest your arms in the middle area of the forearms. Generally the keyboard should be flat so that the wrists are relatively straight.
Point 6. Try a different keyboard, mice and trackball -- there are many alternative designs on the market and it is up to you to find the one that works best for you. Some people find using the mouse uncomfortable. They can try using the mouse with their other hand or try switching to a trackball. People with hand and wrist pain may want to try the Microsoft Natural Elite keyboard; it appears to reduce hand pain.
Finally, the stresses of work can make aches and pains worse. The stresses of deadlines has already been mentioned. Ideally, you should try to set up your work so you can control the pace and flow of your work, so that you can take a break when you need to and not feel like you have to work through your coffee break or lunch breaks. As mentioned, get away from the computer for a few minutes regularly. Sometimes a coworker or the supervisor may get on your nerves. Try to constructively resolve these conflicts; do not let them fester.
As one of my professors said once, "The job you do should be something you look forward to doing every day, something that you would rather do than anything else in the World". Not all of us are fortunate enough to have a job like that. But we can take steps to make our work better and safer.
It's Your Body
Long hours on the computer can be rewarding, even fun, but they can also lead to aches and pains in your neck, shoulders, arms and hands. If you ignore these aches and continue working with improper work habits you may develop painful and disabling injuries.
You may have heard of some of these musculoskeletal problems: tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and other health problems referred to as repetitive strain injuries (RSI) or cumulative trauma disorders.
Why some people develop these problems and others do not may be due to things like our age, physical conditioning, medical conditions (e.g., pregnancy, diabetes), hobbies (e.g., musical instrument use, weight lifting), and our ability to relax and get along with co-workers and supervisors.
But they also can be brought on by long uninterrupted hours at the computer, especially under stressful work conditions, using improper work habits and improper postures. Although setting up your computer may seem intuitive and as simple as pulling up a chair and reaching for the mouse, it takes deliberate effort to use your computer properly.
The purpose of this guide is to help you set up your computer and develop good work habits so that you can be productive and comfortable when using the computer.
If You Have Pain
If you experience recurrent, persistent or worsening discomfort, especially if the discomfort includes pain, numbness or weakness, promptly consult a qualified physician.
The earlier a problem is correctly diagnosed and treated, the easier it is to take care of and the less chance there is that it will progress to a disabling condition.
Sources: Regents of the University of California
Wednesday, February 1, 2012
General Office Safety Rules
o If you open it, close it
o If you turn it on, turn it off
o If you unlock it, lock it up
o If you break it, fix it… If you can’t fix it, call in someone who can
o If you borrow it, return it… Ask for permission to borrow first
o If you lose it, replace it
o If you make a mess, clean it up
o If you move it, put it back
o If you don’t know how to operate it, ask someone who knows how… If you can’t find that person, leave the equipment alone
o If it doesn’t concern you, don’t mess with it
Sources: NIOSH
o If you turn it on, turn it off
o If you unlock it, lock it up
o If you break it, fix it… If you can’t fix it, call in someone who can
o If you borrow it, return it… Ask for permission to borrow first
o If you lose it, replace it
o If you make a mess, clean it up
o If you move it, put it back
o If you don’t know how to operate it, ask someone who knows how… If you can’t find that person, leave the equipment alone
o If it doesn’t concern you, don’t mess with it
Sources: NIOSH
Books Section
Motor Carrier Safety: A Guide to Regulatory Compliance (Occupational Safety and Health Guides Series (Hardcover)
Editorial Reviews
Review
…excellent resource for motor carrier employers, safety directors and
drivers…well-organized and easy-to-read, and the information is clearly
presented. I know of no other publication that provides so much information in one volume…I would highly recommend this book to any safety and health professional who is involved in any way with motor carrier safety.
--Stuart Flatow, in Professional Safety
…excellent resource for motor carrier employers, safety directors and
drivers…well-organized and easy-to-read, and the information is clearly
presented. I know of no other publication that provides so much information in one volume…I would highly recommend this book to any safety and health professional who is involved in any way with motor carrier safety.
--Stuart Flatow, in Professional Safety
Product Description
The need to understand and follow applicable government regulations
is critical to providing safety for everyone affected by the transportation
industry. Motor Carrier Safety simplifies the many complexities of legal
compliance for the transportation of goods by highway. It provides you
with the tools and focus required to achieve full regulatory compliance.
The author examines current regulations to determine what issues and
requirements pertain to such issues as hazardous materials, drugs and
alcohol, employee safety and health. Bulleted lists present the
regulations in a clear, easy-to-use format. You will understand the
issues and be able to determine the specific regulations that affect your
place of business. In addition to regulations and standards, this book
covers points of training, record keeping, and suggestions for annual
audits. Case studies relating to various regulations help you realize how
either violating or complying will impact your business. These features
combine to make Motor Carrier Safety the perfect vehicle for launching
your in-house training program. The laws governing the transportation
of goods by truck vary from agency to agency. Motor Carrier Safety
makes clear the regulations and provides the you with a practical
source for complying with them. This book helps you to understand
your regulatory exposure for non-compliance and guides you through
the steps to becoming compliant.
Product Details
Hardcover: 336 pages
Publisher: CRC; 1 edition (December 6, 1999)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1566703565
ISBN-13: 978-1566703567
Product Dimensions: 9.6 x 6.4 x 0.9 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review: No customer reviews yet. Be the first.
Amazon.com Sales Rank: #2,014,295 in Books (See Bestsellers in
Books)
Sources: **Book for reference only :More details of this book, please refer NIOSH Library and to browse list of collection please visit; http://www.niosh.com.my
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
Editorial Reviews
Review
…excellent resource for motor carrier employers, safety directors and
drivers…well-organized and easy-to-read, and the information is clearly
presented. I know of no other publication that provides so much information in one volume…I would highly recommend this book to any safety and health professional who is involved in any way with motor carrier safety.
--Stuart Flatow, in Professional Safety
…excellent resource for motor carrier employers, safety directors and
drivers…well-organized and easy-to-read, and the information is clearly
presented. I know of no other publication that provides so much information in one volume…I would highly recommend this book to any safety and health professional who is involved in any way with motor carrier safety.
--Stuart Flatow, in Professional Safety
Product Description
The need to understand and follow applicable government regulations
is critical to providing safety for everyone affected by the transportation
industry. Motor Carrier Safety simplifies the many complexities of legal
compliance for the transportation of goods by highway. It provides you
with the tools and focus required to achieve full regulatory compliance.
The author examines current regulations to determine what issues and
requirements pertain to such issues as hazardous materials, drugs and
alcohol, employee safety and health. Bulleted lists present the
regulations in a clear, easy-to-use format. You will understand the
issues and be able to determine the specific regulations that affect your
place of business. In addition to regulations and standards, this book
covers points of training, record keeping, and suggestions for annual
audits. Case studies relating to various regulations help you realize how
either violating or complying will impact your business. These features
combine to make Motor Carrier Safety the perfect vehicle for launching
your in-house training program. The laws governing the transportation
of goods by truck vary from agency to agency. Motor Carrier Safety
makes clear the regulations and provides the you with a practical
source for complying with them. This book helps you to understand
your regulatory exposure for non-compliance and guides you through
the steps to becoming compliant.
Product Details
Hardcover: 336 pages
Publisher: CRC; 1 edition (December 6, 1999)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1566703565
ISBN-13: 978-1566703567
Product Dimensions: 9.6 x 6.4 x 0.9 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review: No customer reviews yet. Be the first.
Amazon.com Sales Rank: #2,014,295 in Books (See Bestsellers in
Books)
Sources: **Book for reference only :More details of this book, please refer NIOSH Library and to browse list of collection please visit; http://www.niosh.com.my
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
Objectives of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994
Objectives of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994
to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work
against risks out of the activities at work;
to protect person at a place of work other than persons at work
against risks out of the activities at work;
to promote an occupational environment for persons at work
which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs;
to provide the means to be progressively replaced by a system
of regulations and approved industry codes….. to maintain or
improve the standards of safety and health.
LANGKAH-LANGKAH UNTUK MEMASTIKAN KEBERKESANAN
JAWATANKUASA KESELAMATAN DAN KESIHATAN
(Safety and Health Committee)
Pengiktirafan perlantikan
Pengetahuan asas dan minat ahli
Latihan dan pendidikan ahli
Penyediaan bahan maklumat
Kekerapan mesyuarat
Kecepatan membuat keputusan
dan tindakan
Publisiti meluas mengenai aktiviti
Kepimpinan pengerusi
Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan, 1994,
Seksyen 30 :
“Tiap-tiap Majikan Hendaklah
Menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Dan
Kesihatan Di Tempat Kerja”
PENALTI : RM 5,000 atau 6 bulan penjara atau kedua-dua
Sources: NIOSH
to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work
against risks out of the activities at work;
to protect person at a place of work other than persons at work
against risks out of the activities at work;
to promote an occupational environment for persons at work
which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs;
to provide the means to be progressively replaced by a system
of regulations and approved industry codes….. to maintain or
improve the standards of safety and health.
LANGKAH-LANGKAH UNTUK MEMASTIKAN KEBERKESANAN
JAWATANKUASA KESELAMATAN DAN KESIHATAN
(Safety and Health Committee)
Pengiktirafan perlantikan
Pengetahuan asas dan minat ahli
Latihan dan pendidikan ahli
Penyediaan bahan maklumat
Kekerapan mesyuarat
Kecepatan membuat keputusan
dan tindakan
Publisiti meluas mengenai aktiviti
Kepimpinan pengerusi
Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan, 1994,
Seksyen 30 :
“Tiap-tiap Majikan Hendaklah
Menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Dan
Kesihatan Di Tempat Kerja”
PENALTI : RM 5,000 atau 6 bulan penjara atau kedua-dua
Sources: NIOSH
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